Rubén Oscar Franco

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Rubén Oscar Franco
Admiral Franco in 1982.
Born (1927-08-08) 8 August 1927 (age 96)
Adrogué, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina[1]
Allegiance Argentina
branch Argentine Navy
Rank Admiral
Commands heldMember of the Argentine Military Junta (along with Cristino Nicolaides and Augusto Jorge Hughes); Argentine Navy Command
Known forRepression
Battles/warsFalklands War
Alma materEscuela Naval Militar
Signature

Rubén Oscar Franco (Spanish pronunciation: [ruˈβen ˈos.kaɾ ˈfɾaŋ.ko]; born 8 August 1927)[2] is a retired Argentinian military officer who held power as a member of the Argentine Military Junta from 1982 to 1983. Representing the Argentine Navy, he took power after the Falklands War, later yielding this power to a new legally constituted government headed by Raúl Alfonsín.[3]

Franco assumed the title of Admiral after the army's decision to dissolve the military dictatorship, under which Argentina had been suffering.

Since Omar Graffigna's death on 9 December 2019, Franco has been the last living former member of Argentina's notorious military juntas.

Military career[edit]

Bearing the rank of Captain, Franco was from June 1977 until January 1978 Chief of Staff at Naval Operations Command (Spanish: Comando de Adiestramiento y Alistamiento de la Armada — literally "Navy Training and Enlistment Command").[4] He then headed the Presidency's Public Information Secretariat from 1 February[5] to 12 December 1978.[6]

From February 1979 until January 1980,[7] Franco was second in command of Navy General Staff Operations. Beginning in 1980, when he bore the rank of counter admiral (roughly equivalent to rear admiral), he headed the General Directorate of Naval Personnel.[4]

Command of the Argentine Navy[edit]

On 1 October 1982,[8] a few months after Argentina's defeat in the Falklands War, Admiral Jorge Isaac Anaya went into retirement and named Vice Admiral Rubén Oscar Franco to head the Argentine Navy Command, thus also at once raising Franco's rank to admiral.[9]

Franco himself retired on Saturday 10 December 1983,[10] and on 16 December 1983, only six days after democracy's return to Argentina, President Raúl Alfonsín named Counter Admiral Ramón Antonio Arosa as the new Commander of the Argentine Navy.[11]

Prosecutions[edit]

Those who belonged to the last Military Junta – as Franco did – were not prosecuted in 1985 in the Trial of the Juntas given that they were not included in President Alfonsín's decree, which ordered the promotion of legal proceedings,[12] but they were indicted in connection with signing the so-called Final Document on the Fight against Subversion and Terrorism (Spanish: Documento Final sobre la Lucha contra la Subversión y el Terrorismo), and with sanctioning a "self-amnesty law" (Spanish: ley de autoamnistía) in 1983, under which they sought to grant themselves amnesty from prosecution before the new democratic government had a chance to try them for any wrongdoing. The law might well have served to cover up the junta's practice of taking young children away from detained mothers during the Dirty War.[13]

Spanish request for extradition[edit]

In 1997, Spanish judge Baltasar Garzón sought to detain and extradite 45 Argentinian military officers, among them Rubén Franco, and one civilian to Spain to try them for genocide, state terrorism and torture of political prisoners by the de facto régime that held sway in Argentina from 1976 to 1983,[14] but the request was rejected several times by the Argentine government, invoking the principle of territoriality. On 27 July 2003, however, President Néstor Kirchner's Decree 420/03 modified that criterion and ordered the "obligatoriness of the judicial process", thus opening the way to extraditing the officers that Spain had asked for.[15] In August the same year, the then Prime Minister of Spain, José María Aznar ordered an end to the extradition proceedings, but this decision was struck down by the Supreme Court of Spain in 2005,[16] which led to the consequent reactivation of the extradition requests.

Taking children away[edit]

Subsequently, Admiral (ret.) Franco was further indicted for other crimes that arose from removing children from their families during the Dirty War. Carlos Menem's pardons did not extend to such crimes.[17] On 5 July 2012, however, the tribunal that had earlier passed judgement on Franco acquitted him of the charges that had been brought against him.[18][19]

New trial[edit]

In March 2013 a new trial was begun within which various threads of the so-called Megacausa ESMA were woven together; Megacausa ESMA is a series of investigations into the crimes perpetrated by the various juntas during the Dirty War ("ESMA" is an acronym for Escuela de Mecánica de la Armada, or "Navy Mechanic School" — a reference to one of the clandestine detention and torture centres kept by the Argentine military).[20] In 2016 Franco was still being tried on new charges involving the crimes of illegally depriving others of freedom, application of torture, and torture followed by death, in cases relating to 12 victims. These crimes were aggravated by his being a public official.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Nacimiento" (PDF).
  2. ^ "Datos" (PDF).
  3. ^ "Info básica de su participación en el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional".
  4. ^ a b 692 responsables del terrorismo de Estado (PDF). Center for Legal and Social Studies. 1986. p. 55. OCLC 843296574.
  5. ^ "Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina — Legislación y Avisos Oficiales — Decree 227". boletinoficial.gob.ar. Argentinian Presidency. 3 February 1978. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  6. ^ "Boletín Oficial de la República Argentina — Legislación y Avisos Oficiales — Decree 2923". boletinoficial.gob.ar. Argentinian Presidency. 12 December 1978. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
  7. ^ 692 responsables del terrorismo de Estado (PDF). Center for Legal and Social Studies. 1986. p. 54. OCLC 843296574.
  8. ^ "Retiro de Anaya". Archived from the original on 26 February 2011.
  9. ^ Yofre, Juan Bautista (2009). Fuimos Todos. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. p. 446. ISBN 9875665681.
  10. ^ "Retiro". Archived from the original on 26 February 2011.
  11. ^ "Llegada de Arosa". Archived from the original on 18 June 2011.
  12. ^ "Exclusión del Juicio a las Juntas Militares".
  13. ^ "Una investigación que lleva tres jueces, Río Negro on line, 7 de febrero de 2006". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 7 November 2006.
  14. ^ "Auto de procesamiento de militares argentinos, Juzgado Central de Instrucción Nº 5 de España, 29 de diciembre de 1997".
  15. ^ "Argentina al rojo vivo tras la decisión del presidente Kirchner de habilitar la extradición de militares acusados de violaciones a los derechos humanos, El Espectador, 27 de julio de 2003". Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
  16. ^ "Corte Suprema española ordenó pedir extradición de militares argentinos, 22 de julio de 2005".
  17. ^ "Robo de Bebés: declara fundadora de Abuelas".
  18. ^ "Videla fue condenado a 50 años de prisión por el robo de bebes".
  19. ^ "Robo de bebés: medio siglo de prisión para Videla".
  20. ^ "Lesa humanidad: se reanudó el juicio oral por crímenes cometidos en la ESMA".
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