Liushu Formation

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Coordinates: 35°30′N 103°36′E / 35.5°N 103.6°E / 35.5; 103.6
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Liushu Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Miocene
~11.0–6.4 Ma
↓
An artist's illustration of the Paleobiota and environment of the upper part of the Liushu formation
TypeGeological formation
Lithology
PrimaryRed claystone
Location
Coordinates35°30′N 103°36′E / 35.5°N 103.6°E / 35.5; 103.6
RegionLinxia Basin, Gansu Province.
Country China
Approximate paleocoordinates35°00′N 101°24′E / 35.0°N 101.4°E / 35.0; 101.4
Liushu Formation is located in China
Liushu Formation
Liushu Formation (China)

The Liushu formation is a geological formation in the Gansu province of China that spans up to 100 m thick and is widely distributed within the Linxia Basin, with a paleomagnetic age of between 11 and 6.4 Mya (Upper/Late Miocene).

Geology[edit]

The formation is divided into three parts which represent three different ages, generally referred to as the "upper part" (youngest, at 6-7 mya), the "middle part" (intermediate, at 9 to 7.6 mya. Also known as the Dashengou fauna, and the "lower part" (oldest).[1][2]

Paleobiota[edit]

Mammals[edit]

Artiodactyla[edit]

Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Chleuastochoerus C. stehlini Cranium skull and mandible. A prehistoric pig
Dicrocerus D. sp.[3] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[3] Upper part An ancient deer
D. sp.[3] Middle part
Eostyloceros[4] E. hezhengensis Gaojiashan, Hezheng County. Upper Part An adult skull with its cranial appendages, lacking the muzzle, the left dentition, and the basioccipital part A large-sized muntjak.
Euprox[5] E. furcatus Upper part An adult skull and pair of near-complete antlers. The largest known Eupox species ever discovered.
Gazella G. sp. Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part
Hezhengia H. bohlini Houshan locality, Guanghe County. Middle part a bovid
Honanotherium H. schlosseri Houshan locality, Guanghe County. Middle part an ancient giraffid
Miotragocerus M. sp. Houshan locality, Guanghe County. Middle part An extinct antelope
Paleotragus P. microdon[3] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[3] Upper part an ancient giraffid
Protoryx P. sp.[3] Houshan locality, Guanghe County.[3] Upper part an ancient bovid
Samotherium S. sp. Houshan locality, Guanghe County. Middle part an ancient giraffid
Shaanxispira S. sp.[6] Lower part An ancient bovid.
Sinotragus S. wimani[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part an ancient bovid
Urmiatherium[7] U. intermedium Huaigou village, Gansu province. Upper part A male adult skull

Carnivora[edit]

Caniformia[edit]

Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Melodon M. majori Middle part a musteloid
Parataxidea[3] P. sinensis[3] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] a badger-like mustelid
Promephitis P. hootoni A musteloid
P. sp. Middle part
Sinictis S. sp. Middle part a musteloid
Ursavus[3][8] U. tedfordi.[3] Huaigou village, Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] A cranium skull in association with the mandible. an early bear

Feliformia[edit]

Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Amphimachairodus[3] A. giganteus[3] Houshan, Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] to Middle part A homotheriine sabercat
A. hezhengensis[9] Upper part. A nearly complete cranium skull.
Dinocrocuta D. gigantea Houshan locality, Guanghe County. Middle part A gigantic hyena
Felis[3] F. sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] to Middle part
Hyaenictitherium[3] H. hyaenoides[3] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[3] Upper part to Middle part[3] A Hyaenid
H. wongii[3]
Ictitherium[3] I. sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] to Middle part a Hyaenid
Metailurus[3] M. major[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper part[3] a metalurin sabercat

Perissodactyla[edit]

The Liushu formation displays a lineage of Elasmotheriine rhinoceros throughout its stratigraphy. Iranotherium is restricted to the middle part of the formation but remains become absent in the overlying layers, the only Elasmotheriine that can be found in the upper layers is Sinotherium.

Chalicotheres[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Ancylotherium sp.[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper A Shizotheriine Chalicothere
Nestoritherium N. linxiaense Houshan locality, Guanghe County. Lower and Middle part. A skull without the occipital surface, right zygomatic arch, premaxilla, and anterior nasal bone. A chalicothere.
Equids[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Hipparion H. coelophyes[3] Guanghe County[3] Upper An ancient horse
H. chiai Middle
H. dongxiangense[6] Lower
H. weihoensis Middle
Rhinocerotids[edit]
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acerorhinus A. hezhengensis Middle Skulls based on sexual dimorphism. A hornless acerorhine rhino

Chilotherium

C. wimani

Zhongmajia ,Guanghe County[3] Middle

A tusked rhino

Chilotherium
Chilotherium

Iranotherium

I. morgani[2]

Guanghe County[2] Middle Two skulls based on sexual dimorphism and an isolated mandible

An elasmotheriine with an unique sexual dimorphism. Ancestral to Sinotherium

Ningxiatherium N. sp.

Lower

Parelasmotherium P. linxiaense[6] Dongxiang County[6] Lower A near complete skull. A grazing Elasmotheriine.
P. simplum[6] Lower

Sinotherium

S. lagrelii[3]

Guanghe County[3] Upper

A partial skull.

An Elasmotheriine, ancestral to Elasmotherium. Displays the important transition from nose-horned to forehead-horned Rhinos.

Glires[edit]

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Pararhizomys P. hipparionum Middle part A rodent.

Proboscidea[edit]

Genus Species Locality Member Material Notes Images
Tetralophodon T. exoletus Houshan locality, Guanghe county. Middle part A gomphothere.
Konobelodon K. robustus An amebelodont

Birds[edit]

Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Gansugyps [10] G. linxiaensis Yangwapuzijifang, Guanghe County. Upper part. A preserved skeleton. An extinct old-world vulture.
Linxiavis[11] L. inaquosus[11] Tibetan plateau, Gansu province Middle part - Upper part [11] articulated and associated elements of the

wings, shoulder girdle, vertebrae, and hind limb

An extinct Sandgrouse
Miosurnia M. diurna Linxia Basin of Gansu Province. A nearly complete articulated bird skeleton, lacking the right forelimb and left manual digits A surniin bird.
Panraogallus P. hezhengensis Zhuangkeji Township, Gansu province. Upper part. A preserved skeleton. A phasianid bird.
Sinoergilornis S. guangheensis Langwagou Village, Zhuangkeji Town, Guanghe County. Upper part A three-dimensionally preserved distal left tarsometatarsus and a nearly complete set of pedal phalanges An eogruid
Struthio[12] S. linxiaensis Yangwapuzijifang, Guanghe County. Upper part. An incomplete pelvis and synsacrum. An extinct ostrich.

Reptiles[edit]

Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eryx E. linxiaensis Shangwangjia Village, Gaunghe county. Upper part A series of partially preserved cranial and post-cranial elements. A sand boa.

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 42, 2004----Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.ivpp.cas.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  2. ^ a b c Deng, Tao (2005-06-27). "New discovery of Iranotherium morgani (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, and its sexual dimorphism". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 442–450. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0442:NDOIMP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85820005.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Deng, Tao; Wang, ShiQi; Hou, SuKuan (2013-05-01). "A bizarre tandem-horned elasmothere rhino from the Late Miocene of northwestern China and origin of the true elasmothere". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (15): 1811–1817. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1811D. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5574-4. ISSN 1861-9541.
  4. ^ Deng, Tao, Wang, Shi-Qi, Shi, Qin-Qin, Li, Yi-Kun & Li, Yu, 2014, A new species of Eostyloceros (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, Zootaxa 3893 (3), pp. 363-381
  5. ^ Hou, Sukuan. (2014). A new species of Euprox (Cervidae, Artiodactyla) from the upper Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, China, with interpretation of its paleoenvironment. Zootaxa. 3911. 43-62. 10.11646/zootaxa.3911.1.2.
  6. ^ a b c d e Deng, Tao (2007-06-12). "Skull of Parelasmotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the upper miocene in the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 467–475. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[467:SOPPRF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130213090.
  7. ^ Shi, Qinqin & Wang, Shiqi & Chen, Shaokun & Li, Yi-kun & Palasiatica, Vertebrata. (2016). The first discovery of Urmiatherium (Bovidae, Artiodactyla) from Liushu Formation, Linxia Basin. Vertebrata Palasiatica.
  8. ^ QiuZ, X., Deng, T., & WangB, Y. (2014). A Late Miocene Ursavus skull from Guanghe, Gansu, China.
  9. ^ Jiangzuo Q, Werdelin L, Sanisidro O, Yang R, Fu J, Li S, Wang S, Deng T. Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau. Proc Biol Sci. 2023 Apr 26;290(1997):20230019. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0019. Epub 2023 Apr 19. PMID: 37072045; PMCID: PMC10113030.
  10. ^ Zhang, Zihui & Xiaoting, Zheng & Zheng, Guangmei & Hou, Lianhai. (2010). A new Old World vulture (Falconiformes: Accipitridae) from the Miocene of Gansu Province, northwest China. Journal of Ornithology. 151. 401-408. 10.1007/s10336-009-0468-1.
  11. ^ a b c Li, Zhiheng; Stidham, Thomas A.; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhonghe (2020-03-31). "Evidence of Late Miocene Peri-Tibetan Aridification From the Oldest Asian Species of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8: 59. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00059. ISSN 2296-701X.
  12. ^ Hou, L., Zhou, Z., Zhang, F. et al. A Miocene ostrich fossil from Gansu Province, northwest China. Chin.Sci.Bull. 50, 1808–1810 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1360/982005-575
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