2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the Netherlands

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2024 Pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the Netherlands
Part of 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses and Israel–Hamas war protests
Protesters reinforcing a barricade at University of Amsterdam, May 7
DateMay 6, 2024 (2024-05-06) – present
(23 days)
Location
Universities throughout the Netherlands
Caused byIsraeli invasion of Gaza and Dutch university ties with Israeli organisations
Goals
Methods
Resulted in
  • Various universities release statements and lists regarding colloborations with Israeli organisations
  • A few institutions freeze or terminate ties and programmes with Israeli organisations
  • Universiteiten van Nederland implements a new demonstration protocol
Casualties
Injuries14+[a]
Arrested307+[b]
Damageat least €1.5 million[c]
Detained2[d]
Charged10+[19]

On May 6, 2024, pro-Palestinian protests broke out at the University of Amsterdam which quickly spread to other universities in the Randstad and the rest of the Netherlands. Although protests had been taking place as early as October 2023, which marks the start of the Israel–Hamas war, the protests intensified in May in the light of the Rafah offensive on May 6 and recent similar protests in the United States and elsewhere.

Background[edit]

Escalation of protests[edit]

Further information: Israel–Hamas war protests
These paragraphs are an excerpt from 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses.[edit]
Pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses escalated in April 2024, spreading in the United States and other countries, as part of wider Israel–Hamas war protests. The escalation began after mass arrests at the Columbia University campus occupation, led by anti-Zionist groups, in which protesters demanded the university's disinvestment from Israel over its alleged genocide of Palestinians.[22] In the U.S. over 2,950 protesters have been arrested,[23] including faculty members and professors,[24][25] on over 60 campuses.[23] On May 7, protests spread across Europe with mass arrests in the Netherlands.[26][27] By May 12, twenty encampments had been established in the United Kingdom, and across universities in Australia and Canada.[28][29] Some protesters have referred to the movement as the "student intifada".[e][33]

List of protests[edit]

These paragraphs are an excerpt from List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in 2024.[edit]
Twenty encampments have been established in the United Kingdom;[34] across universities in Australia,[35] beginning with the University of Sydney;[36] and in Canada, including an encampment at McGill University.[37] On May 7, protests spread further on European campuses after mass arrests at the University of Amsterdam campus occupation,[38] including occupation of campus buildings at Leipzig University in Germany, Sciences Po in France, and Ghent University in Belgium.[39] As of May 8, protests have taken place in more than 25 countries.[40] On May 13, approximately 1,000 Dutch students and university staff took part in a national walk-out.[41]

Timeline[edit]

Early protests[edit]

Pro-Palestinian protest at Radboud University, March 12, 2024.

An early protest occurred at Radboud University Nijmegen on 18 October, by students demanding the university cuts all ties with Israeli institutes.[42] A teach-in was held at Leiden University on 9 November 2023.[43] Student protestors demanding the university cut all ties with Israeli organisations protested at Delft University of Technology on 29 November 2023.[44] Other demonstrations followed at Utrecht University in December 2023 and January 2024.[45] Protests were also held at the campuses of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam,[46] Maastricht University,[47] Erasmus University Rotterdam,[48] Tilburg University,[49] and the University of Groningen.[50] 17 arrests were made during four days of protests at the Amsterdam University College.[51] It was noted, however, that most protests at university campuses in the Netherlands were peaceful and without police intervention.[48]

Escalation[edit]

University of Amsterdam[edit]

Bulldozer demolishing a barricade at the University of Amsterdam, May 7
Main article: 2024 University of Amsterdam pro-Palestinian campus occupation

On May 6, hundreds of students started a solidarity encampment at the University of Amsterdam (UvA).[52] The next day, police cleared the encampment, arresting 169 people.[53][54] Over a thousand people protested at a pro-Palestine demonstration in Amsterdam in response.[55] On May 8, new protests emerged in Amsterdam, starting in and around university buildings and later moving to the Rokin. 36 people were arrested by the end of the night.[56][57] The following day, another protest was organised which again started at the Roeterseiland university campus of University of Amsterdam. Thousands of protestors went on to march through the city.[58] Three protestors were arrested by the police.[59] The UvA decided to close various campus buildings for the rest of the week.[60]

On May 13, after a national walk-out, students occupied campus buildings at the University of Amsterdam. Police in riot gear subsequently ended the protests in Amsterdam after "chasing away hundreds" of people,[61][62] and the university closed for two days after the renewed occupations on campus.[63] The Amsterdam protest continued at Oosterpark.[64] The UvA filed complaints against several protesters.[65] One protester was arrested; a criminal investigation was ongoing to determine if more arrests would follow.[66]

Radboud University Nijmegen[edit]

Main article: 2024 Radboud University Nijmegen pro-Palestinian campus occupation
Protesters at Radboud University Nijmegen, May 14 2024

Protests during this period started taking place at the Radboud University Nijmegen on 12 May. Students and staff members set up a tent encampment on May 13 and temporarily occupied a building on May 16.[67][68] The tent encampment was still standing by May 20, when a second encampment was set up near a different building.[69]

Protests at other universities[edit]

On May 7, protests took place at Utrecht University and the Delft University of Technology on May 7.[70] An encampment was attempted at the academic library of Utrecht, where 50 people were arrested in the night between May 7 and May 8.[13][71]

On May 8, a new encampment at Utrecht University was set up, which was cleared during the early morning of 9 May.[72] Three people, who were protesting outside the occupied building, were arrested during this protest.[14] The university decided to close its buildings until Monday May 13.[73] The next day, a smaller protest was also held around university buildings of Utrecht University.[74]

On May 13, approximately one thousand students and staff took part in a national walk-out.[75] University buildings at the universities of Amsterdam and Groningen were also occupied.[75] Protests, some of which taking place next to tent encampments, also took place at the campuses of Radboud University Nijmegen, Maastricht University, Eindhoven University of Technology, Delft University of Technology, Utrecht University, Leiden University (both in Leiden and The Hague[76]), Erasmus University Rotterdam and Wageningen University & Research, as well as other campuses.[77][78][79] An area at the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences of Maastricht University was renamed "Rafah Garden".[80]

On May 14, a protest was held at the University of Humanistic Studies.[81] Students at the Eindhoven University of Technology held a cacerolazo during the European Innovation Debate, a debate between Dutch candidates for the 2024 European Parliament election.[82] While there were no other renewed student protests on university campuses, several encampements from the day before were still standing, such as in Groningen, Maastricht and at Radboud University.[83][84]

On May 15 a Utrecht University building was occupied by pro-Palestine protesters. The university decided to close various other buildings as precaution.[85] Protesters were removed from the building in the early night by the police and 42 people were arrested.[86][15] Also on May 15, six student activists from Maastricht University announced to be going into hunger strike until their demands were met.[87] Students had been protesting at the university campus for three days by then.[88] Students from the University of Twente organised and held a pro-Palestine demonstration at Enschede railway station.[89]

As protests were announced for May 16, the Erasmus University Rotterdam decided earlier that week to close its buildings that day.[90] The protest was moved to Rotterdam Centraal station.[91] At the Campus The Hague of Leiden University, students occupied a floor. The occupation lasted a few hours.[92] A few hundred students at Tilburg University held a peaceful protest march across campus.[93]

On May 17, students protested at the Academiegebouw of Leiden University and set up a tent encampement.[94] Two buildings were closed as a precaution.[95] Students and staff members of the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam held a protest at their university campus square.[96] A sit-in was held at Wageningen University & Research[97] and another protest was held at the University of Humanistic Studies.[81]

While there were little to no renewed protests during the Pentecost weekend (a public holiday in the Netherlands), the tent encampments on the campuses of the universities of Groningen,[98] Wageningen,[99] Maastricht[100] and at Radboud University[101] were still standing by May 22.

A pro-Palestinian student protest was held during the lustrum celebation of the University of Groningen on May 21.[102] The same day, an ultimatum from students and staff members to Tilburg University ended. If the university did not meet the protesters' demands, they would set up a tent encampment the next day.[103] Student activist groups, as well as some other Palestinian solidarity groups, published a joint open letter in which they declare solidarity with each other, forming a "national coalition", and in which they reject any type of compromise with universities.[104][105]

A university building of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Maastricht University was occupied by students on May 22.[100] The university filed complaints against activists who had defaced university buildings with graffiti over the weekend.[106] During the evening hours, the occupation was ended and the activists abandoned the tent encampment. According to the protesters, this was done under the threat of mass arrests.[107] The same day, an academic conference at Wageningen University & Research was disturbed repeatedly by pro-Palestinian protesters.[99] A tent encampment was set up at Tilburg University, after an ultimatum had passed the day before.[108]

On May 23, a small student protest was held at Erasmus University Rotterdam.[109] The same day, an encampment was set up on the roof of the academic library of the Delft University of Technology. The protesters said to only leave when their demands would be met.[110] In the late night, the remaining hunger strikers at Maastricht University ceased their strike, in part due to physical problems.[8]

A protest march was held at Tilburg University on May 24. Both students and staff members joined the protest.[111]

On May 27, 78 staff members of Tilburg University published an open letter to the Deans and Board of Tilburg University, calling for an academic boycott of Israeli universities and corporations that are complicit in apartheid, occupation, persecution of the Palestinian people, and the violation of international law.[112] In the night between 27 and 28 May, several buildings at Maastricht University were graffitied on with pro-Palestinian slogans.[113]

On May 28, a die-in was held at Tilburg University.[114]

Response[edit]

Political response[edit]

The protests were condemned by Prime Minister Mark Rutte,[115] as well as by various other high-ranking Dutch politicians.[116] Mariëlle Paul, the Dutch Minister for Primary and Secondary Education, suggested several times that it is "very questionable" whether the "rioters are actually students".[117]

An "emergency debate" was called on 10 May by the Government of Amsterdam in response to the police intervention earlier during the first protest on 6 May. Despite criticism, mayor Femke Halsema stood by her decision to let police intervene during the demonstration.[118] Around 250 protestors demonstrated during the meeting outside the Stopera, where the meeting was held, dubbing this the "fifth day of student protests".[119]

On 11 May, the "sixth day of protests",[120] a pro-Palestine protest in Amsterdam attracted over 10,000 people. Many demonstrators denounced the police action earlier that week. Some protesters also called for Halsema to resign.[121]

The Dutch Student Union declared its solidarity with the student movement, and was critical regarding the treatment of student protesters by police. The union also pointed out the lack of student democracy and student representation in universities, which they deemed an underlying problem and a cause of the protests.[122] The Dutch Student Union also published a joint statement with the Amsterdam Student Union (ASVA Studentenvakbond [nl]) specifically condemning police intervention during the protests in Amsterdam.[123]

Amnesty International was also critical of the police intervention during the first protests at the University of Amsterdam. According to the organisation, police failed to take opportunities for de-escalation at a number of crucial moments. Insufficient distinction was made between peaceful demonstrators and people who used violence. Amnesty International was also critical of the attitudes towards protests in the current political climate.[124] The student branch of Amnesty International Utrecht held a solidarity event on May 10.[125]

The police interventions during the protests at Utrecht University, which included moving protesters to different locations on behalf of the Public Prosecution Service, were called unlawful by experts in the field of criminal law, including professors and lawyers.[126]

University responses[edit]

Although multiple universities have published lists and overviews of their collaborations with Israeli organisations, they refused to break their ties with them. A reason not to break the ties was for many universities the concept of academic freedom. Despite not wanting to break ties, many universities pledged to set up specific ethics committees, similar to existing ones focusing on experimental and medical human research. This has been described as a political move,[127] and activists in return have rejected this in an open letter that they published on social media.[105]

Timeline[edit]

On May 6, the first day of protests, the University of Amsterdam provided a list of Israeli organisations they work with, which was one of the demands of the encampment protestors. They refused to partake in a boycott of those organisations, which was the second demand.[128][129] Later that week, on May 10, the Central Student Council of the University of Amsterdam called for the UvA board to resign after the board allowed for police to intervene during the first protest.[119] Despite negotiations having taken place the week before, during the second week of protests the UvA board made it known no longer to be talking to activists at all.[130] Other universities were stilling willing to negotiate with protesters.[131]

Erasmus University Rotterdam followed on May 8 by releasing a similar list as the University of Amsterdam did two days prior, despite no university protests having taken place in Rotterdam by then. The university would be evaluating the existing ties with Israeli organisations.[132]

On 10 May, the University of Groningen published a statement giving insight on its relations with Israeli organisations, though it did not name any specific institutions.[133]

On 11 May, the Royal Academy of Art (KABK) in The Hague announced their plans to terminate the student exchange programme with the Israeli Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design. This was done in response to heavy student criticism. By doing so, the KABK was the first Dutch educational institution to cancel an agreement with an Israeli organisation.[121]

On May 13, as a response to an open letter, the Eindhoven University of Technology also showed more transparency by talking about the Israeli organisations they are working with. At that moment the only "institutional partnership" between the university and an Israeli organisation was Technion – Israel Institute of Technology through the EuroTech Universities Alliance. However, the university still refused to take position in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[134]

On May 14, the Design Academy Eindhoven announced it would 'freeze' its ties with two design schools in Israel.[135] The Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences announced on the same day that it would break it's ties with the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design.[136]

On May 15, Utrecht University (UU) released an adjusted statement of the original statement from October 23, 2023 by the executive board and the deans, partly in response to the heavy student protests. Although the UU did not decide to break ties with Israeli organisations as a whole, the university announced to be releasing a list of collaborations with Israeli organisations soon and to "critically evaluate" these ties. The UU also promised to freeze ties with individual organisations, if it become clear that these would "contribute to (the continuation of) the cycle of violence". Additionally, the UU said to be "deeply concerned about the destruction of the academic infrastructure in Gaza".[137] A list was published two days later.[138]

Also on May 15, a statement by Rianne Letschert from Maastricht University on behalf of the executive board was published, in which the board explicity defends the right to protest of students and staff members.[139]

On May 17, Leiden University published a statement giving insight in its collaborations with Israeli organisations. Additionally, exchange programmes with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv University were frozen until further evaluation.[140] In an open letter the same day, the University of Humanistic Studies published a list of collaborations with Israeli organisations.[81] The Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam pointed in an open letter to the CORDIS website for an overview of their collaborations with Israeli institutions, and also to be developing a framework for international collaborations for new and existing collaborations, as the KU Leuven and other universities had done before.[141]

On May 22, the Delft University of Technology officially called for a ceasefire, but did not publish a list of collaborations with Israeli organisations, and did not want to break ties with them.[142]

On May 28, Wageningen University & Research filed complaints against slogans used during a protest, drawing comparisons between Israeli and Nazi Germany.[143] Maastricht University also filed complaints this day, regarding vandalism.[113]

Journalists[edit]

The Dutch Association of Journalists (Nederlandse Vereniging van Journalisten [nl]; NVJ) has at multiple times expressed concerns regarding the press freedom and safety at the demonstrations. Journalists were repeatedly denied entry at various demonstrations and were asked to leave. According to the protesters, this is to protect the identities and safety of those protesting.[144][145]

Between May 6 and 15, twenty-one reports were filed at PersVeilig ("PressSafe"). PersVeilig is an organisation dedicated to the safety of journalists in the Netherlands, initiated by the NVJ and the Public Prosecution Service, among others. Of the reports, nineteen were made in allegation to protesters and two were regarding behaviour by the police. No charges were filed, however, because most acts were not deemed illegal despite causing hindrance.[146]

General public[edit]

Opinions in the general population were more diverse. An opinion panel research by EenVandaag published on 10 May, including 16,036 people (of which 560 students), showed that a majority of the panel members (83%) disagreed with the methods protestors used, and 75% agreed with the police intervention that followed. A smaller majority (62%) also disagreed with the protestors' demands. However, students were much more likely to agree with the protestors' goals and demands (63%), and 43% of student panel members agreed with the way the demonstrations were held.[147]

Another poll by Ipsos I&O, based on 2,102 participants between May 9 and 13, showed similar statistics. 21% supported the protests, while 65% agreed with the police interventions. Right-wing voters and older people almost unanimously reject the protests. Left-wing voters and young people were generally divided on the issue. Among young people aged 18-24, 40% supported the protests while 27% did not. Voters of the parties Denk, GroenLinks–PvdA and Party for the Animals tended to support the protests, while voters of other left-wing parties did not. About half of non-Western allochtonen supported the protests, while this was only 17% for ethnically Dutch people.[148]

Impact on demonstration policies[edit]

Jouke de Vries, interim chairman of the Universiteiten van Nederland, said in an interview during an episode with Buitenhof that the organisation was currently working on a new "demonstration protocol".[149] Examples of measures being discussed included overnight stays not being allowed in university buildings and protesters with whom negotiations are taking place having to identify themselves. This was supported by Robbert Dijkgraaf, the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and tenured professor at the UvA.[150] The Dutch Student Union was critical, and asked to be part of the discussions.[151] The Universiteiten van Nederland later released a joint protocol.[152]

The Federation of Dutch Trade Unions has stated in an open letter that the new demonstration policy by Universiteiten van Nederland "does not comply with the law".[153]

In an interview with Het Parool, Dijkgraaf said in regards to closing university buildings that this is an "ultimate resource that we should not accept", and added that "it cannot be justified if an educational institution can no longer provide education". The newspaper confirmed that "emergency scenarios" were made and ready to allow education at universities to continue in case of protests "getting out of hand" again, and that universities, the current cabinet and the Dutch police were making plans to ensure that education at 'risk universities' could continue, online or in well-secured buildings.[154]

Other[edit]

The Centrum Informatie en Documentatie Israel [nl], a pro-Israel lobby organisation, filed a request against Leiden University, demanding to know which employees were in contact with Dutch pro-Palestinian groups.[155]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Although the muncipal parties of GroenLinks, PvdA and D66 in Amsterdam have asked for clarification about the number of injured protesters and bystanders and despite various media reports and injuries, it is unknown how many more protesters may have been injured.[2] The number of injuries includes at least 1 protester[3] and 1 police officer[4] during the night between May 6 and 7, and 2 protesters and 5 officers on May 8.[5][6] All of these injuries took place during the protests at the University of Amsterdam.
    Additionally, by May 20, the health of one of the hunger strikers at Maastricht University had declined significantly,[7] and four others had to stop later as well due to physical problems.[8]
  2. ^
    • The number of arrests in Amsterdam includes 169 in the night between 6 to 7 May,[9] 36 on 8 May,[5] 3 on 9 May,[10] 1 on 13 May[11] and 1 on 17 May.[12]
    • 50 arrests were made in Utrecht on 7 May,[13] 3 on 8 May[14] and 42 on 15 May.[15]
    • 2 people were arrested at the Radboud University Nijmegen on May 27.[16]
  3. ^ This estimate number only includes damage to property of the University of Amsterdam during the first week of protests. The number does not include damage caused to municipal property and to neighboring companies and individuals.[17] Damage at Utrecht University was said to be "limited" by the university.[18]
  4. ^ One British protester was charged with openlijke geweldpleging ("public violence") against the police and sentenced to two months of prison, of which one month suspended.[19] A Spanish protester was charged with violence as well as threats against the police, and was also sentenced to one month of prison,[20] as well as paying €350 in damages.[21]
  5. ^ The Arabic term intifada means roughly "uprising" and is often used in the context of Palestinian uprisings in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[30][31][32]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Hesselink, Isabella (March 8, 2024). "'Door de banden met universiteiten in Israël is de UU niet neutraal'" ['Due to its ties with universities in Israel, the UU is not neutral']. DUB (in Dutch). Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  2. ^ "Veel vragen van alle partijen aan Halsema om UvA-demonstraties" [Many questions for Halsema from all parties regarding the UvA demonstrations]. Hart van Nederland (in Dutch). May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  3. ^ "Pro-Palestijnse demonstratie beëindigt op Roeterseilandcampus" [Pro-Palestinian demonstration ends on Roeterseiland campus]. 112 Nederland (in Dutch). May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024. In ieder geval één vrouw is bij de ontruiming gewond geraakt aan haar hoofd. [At least one woman suffered head injuries during the evacuation.]
  4. ^ "Eén agent gewond bij ontruiming protestkamp UvA, 125 pro-Palestijnse demonstranten opgepakt" [One officer injured during evacuation of UvA protest camp, 125 pro-Palestinian demonstrators arrested]. de Volkskrant (in Dutch). May 7, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "ME stopt protest Amsterdam: 36 arrestaties en 5 gewonde agenten, Rutte reageert" [ME stops Amsterdam protest: 36 arrests and 5 injured officers, Rutte responds]. De Gelderlander (in Dutch). May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  6. ^ "36 aanhoudingen bij protesten Amsterdam, 5 agenten gewond" [36 arrests during Amsterdam protests, 5 officers injured]. Nieuws.nl (in Dutch). May 9, 2024. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 9, 2024.
  7. ^ Keukenkamp, Stefan (May 20, 2024). "Vijf hongerstakers bij Universiteit Maastricht, bestuur neemt banden met Israël onder de loep" [Five hunger strikers at Maastricht University, board examines ties with Israel]. Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  8. ^ a b Stefanovski, Nina (May 22, 2024). "Overgebleven hongerstakers gaan weer eten vanwege 'kille reactie' van Universiteit Maastricht" [Remaining hunger strikers start eating again due to 'cold response' from Maastricht University]. NRC (in Dutch). Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  9. ^ Driessen, Camil (May 8, 2024). "Universiteiten geven meer openheid over banden met Israël, maar boycot gaat ze te ver" [Universities are more open about ties with Israel, but a boycott goes too far]. NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  10. ^ "Protesten in Amsterdam: Demonstratie bij Stopera ten einde, acht eerder opgepakte betogers langer vast" [Protests in Amsterdam: Demonstration at Stopera ended, eight previously arrested demonstrators held longer]. Het Parool (in Dutch). May 10, 2024. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  11. ^ "Tot nu toe één arrestatie vanwege demonstratie UvA-campus" [One arrest so far due to demonstration on UvA campus]. Het Parool (in Dutch). May 14, 2024. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  12. ^ "Een demonstrant aangehouden" [One protester arrested]. Het Parool (in Dutch). May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  13. ^ a b "Politie maakt einde aan pro-Palestijns protest tegen Universiteit Utrecht, aangehouden demonstranten weer vrij" [Police put an end to pro-Palestinian protest against Utrecht University, arrested protestors released]. RTV Utrecht (in Dutch). May 7, 2024. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  14. ^ a b "Nog 31 Gazademonstranten vast in Amsterdam, enkelen komen voor rechter" [Another 31 Gaza demonstrators are in custody in Amsterdam, some of whom will be brought to justice]. NU.nl (in Dutch). May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
  15. ^ a b Heisen, Elisa (May 16, 2024). "42 aanhoudingen bij bezetting universiteitsgebouw op Janskerkhof: pand vandaag gesloten" [42 arrests during occupation of university building at Janskerkhof: building closed today]. RTV Utrecht (in Dutch). Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  16. ^ "Brandalarm gaat af in bezet Radboud-gebouw, actievoerders weigeren te vertrekken" [Fire alarm goes off in occupied Radboud building, activists refuse to leave]. De Gelderlander (in Dutch). May 27, 2024. Archived from the original on May 27, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
  17. ^ "University of Amsterdam says pro-Palestinian protests caused €1.5 million in damage". NL Times. May 12, 2024. Archived from the original on May 17, 2024. Retrieved May 13, 2024.
  18. ^ "Universiteit Utrecht: schade bij bezettingen beperkt gebleven" [Utrecht University: damage during occupations remained limited]. RTV Utrecht (in Dutch). May 13, 2024. Retrieved May 17, 2024.
  19. ^ a b "Rechter veroordeelt UvA-demonstrant tot twee maanden cel" [Judge sentences UvA demonstrator to two months in prison]. Nieuws.nl (in Dutch). May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  20. ^ "UvA-demonstranten voor de rechter, Spaanse student krijgt maand cel" [UvA demonstrators in court, Spanish student gets a month in jail]. NOS (in Dutch). May 23, 2024. Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  21. ^ Van Wijk, Wouter (May 23, 2024). "Nu de demonstrant zich niet bekend wil maken, gaat hij de cel in" [Now that the demonstrator does not want to identify himself, he is going to jail]. Het Parool (in Dutch). Retrieved May 24, 2024.
  22. ^ "US college protests: Who are the student groups and others involved". Reuters. April 30, 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024. Among the lead student groups in the coalition are the Columbia chapters of Jewish Voice for Peace and Students for Justice in Palestine. The two decades-old anti-Zionism advocacy groups that protest Israel's military occupation have chapters across the country that have been key to protests on other campuses.
  23. ^ a b Rubin, April; Beheraj, Kavya; Lysik, Tory; Chase, Will (May 3, 2024). "Mapped: Where pro-Palestinian student protesters have been arrested". Axios. Archived from the original on May 5, 2024. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
  24. ^ "Mapping pro-Palestine college campus protests around the world". Al Jazeera. April 29, 2024. Archived from the original on May 1, 2024. Retrieved April 29, 2024.
  25. ^ Treisman, Rachel (May 1, 2024). "How some faculty members are defending student protesters, in actions and in words". NPR. Archived from the original on May 2, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024. It's one of several schools around the country where professors are getting arrested at demonstrations, circulating letters in support of arrested protesters and holding no-confidence votes in their administrations.
  26. ^ Kassam, Ashifa (May 8, 2024). "Clashes and arrests as pro-Palestinian protests spread across European campuses". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  27. ^ "Pro-Palestinian student protests spread across Europe. Some are allowed. Some are stopped". AP News. May 7, 2024. Archived from the original on May 8, 2024. Retrieved May 8, 2024.
  28. ^ Tait, Albert (May 12, 2024). "Birmingham University threatens pro-Palestinian students with police action". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  29. ^ Regan, Helen (May 3, 2024). "Where pro-Palestinian university protests are happening around the world". CNN. Archived from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  30. ^ "What is an intifada?". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Archived from the original on April 26, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  31. ^ Beauchamp, Zack (November 20, 2018). "What were the intifadas?". Vox. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  32. ^ "Intifadas: What you need to know – DW – 12/07/2017". DW. Archived from the original on April 18, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
  33. ^
  34. ^ Tait, Albert (May 12, 2024). "Birmingham University threatens pro-Palestinian students with police action". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  35. ^ "Pro-Palestinian protesters set up encampments at universities in Australia". AP News. May 3, 2024. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
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  145. ^ Saris, Karlijn (May 13, 2024). "Pro-Palestijnse demonstranten sturen journalisten weg bij protesten, vakbond maakt zich zorgen" [Pro-Palestinian demonstrators send journalists away from protests, union is concerned]. NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 11, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  146. ^ "21 meldingen bij PersVeilig om agressie bij UvA-protesten" [21 reports to PersVeilig about aggression during UvA protests]. Het Parool (in Dutch). May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
  147. ^ "Meerderheid keurt doel en manier van protesteren door studenten af: 'Dit soort mensen is gewoon tuig'" [Majority disapproves of the purpose and method of protest by students: 'These types of people are just scum']. EenVandaag (in Dutch). May 10, 2024. Archived from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved May 10, 2024.
  148. ^ Van der Schelde, Asher; Kanne, Peter (May 16, 2024). "Weinig steun voor studentenprotesten" [Little support for student protests]. Ipsos I&O (in Dutch). Retrieved May 21, 2024.
  149. ^ "Universiteiten werken aan demonstratieprotocol" [Universities are working on demonstration protocol]. NOS (in Dutch). May 12, 2024. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  150. ^ Saris, Karlijn; Willemsen, Marit (May 14, 2024). "Ook aan universiteiten Eindhoven en Nijmegen protest, besturen reageren wisselend op demonstraties" [Protests are also taking place at the universities of Eindhoven and Nijmegen, and administrations are reacting differently to demonstrations]. NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 11, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  151. ^ "Studentenbond wil inspraak in demonstratieprotocol universiteiten" [Student union wants a say in universities' demonstration protocol]. Reformatorisch Dagblad (in Dutch). May 13, 2024. Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  152. ^ Ubbens, Charlie (May 14, 2024). "Universiteiten en hogescholen presenteren gezamenlijke regels rondom demonstraties" [Universities and hogescholen present joint rules regarding demonstrations]. NRC (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 14, 2024. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
  153. ^ "Richtlijn voor Protesteren op Universiteiten voldoet niet aan de wet" [Guidelines for Protesting at Universities do not comply with the law] (in Dutch). Federation of Dutch Trade Unions. May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
  154. ^ Keultjes, Hanneke; Khaddari, Raounak (May 18, 2024). "Minister Dijkgraaf wil sluiting universiteiten voorkomen met noodscenario's: 'Veiligheid studenten staat onder druk'" [Minister Dijkgraaf wants to prevent university closures with emergency scenarios: 'Student safety is under pressure']. Het Parool (in Dutch). Retrieved May 19, 2024. Dat is een ultiem middel dat we eigenlijk niet moeten accepteren. (...) Maar het is niet te verantwoorden als een onderwijsinstelling geen onderwijs meer kan geven. [That is an ultimate resource that we should not accept. (...) But it cannot be justified if an educational institution can no longer provide education.]
  155. ^ "CIDI eist van Universiteit Leiden alle correspondentie met Israël-kritische organisaties" [CIDI demands from Leiden University all correspondence with Israel-critical organizations]. Punt. (in Dutch). May 28, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.
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