1983 Guatemalan coup d'état

1983 Guatemalan coup d'état
Part of Guatemalan Civil War
Date August 8, 1983 Location Guatemala Result Successful coup
Belligerents
Guatemalan Armed Forces	Government of Guatemala
Commanders and leaders
Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores	Efrain Rios Montt

The 1983 Guatemalan coup d'état was a palace revolt in Guatemala by the officer corps, led by then Defense Minister General Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores, which successfully ousted General Rios Montt. Mejia Victores governed the country for three years until international pressure forced him to make democratic reforms. By 1986, power was relinquished to the democratically elected Vinicio Cerezo.

Coup attempt

Due to his alienation of the ruling elite - wealthy landowners, army officers, and conservative politicians - through his erratic behavior and religious zeal to a fundamentalist Protestant sect in a predominantly Catholic country, Rios Montt's downfall was largely anticipated. Other contributing factors included his refusal to schedule elections and his governance which led to human rights abuses and a declining economy.

Thus, amidst widespread discontent over his electoral programs, the officer corps led by Defense Minister General Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores staged a palace coup against General Rios Montt on August 8, 1983. The resulting clashes between government and rebel forces left at least one dead along with several wounded. Suspicions of foreign involvement were raised when it was revealed Mejia Victores met with the Southern Command of the US military the day before the coup, leading to accusations the United States sponsored the military overthrow. In response, the State Department denied any and all involvement.

Post-coup

Following the successful coup, General Rios Montt was forced into retirement and General Mejia Victores was sworn in as the new chief of state. The inauguration ceremony was attended by key military officials and former cabinet members of the deposed administration. Mejia Victores, who had not assumed the title of President and continued on as Minister of Defense and Chief of State, pledged to call for elections, suspend the military tribunals, lift the state of alarm which had been in effect since June 29, 1983, and respect the judiciary and constitution. His promises however were seen as merely superficial gestures to placate international observers.

The coup was viewed by some as largely insignificant in terms of substantial change, representing merely another reshuffling between the military who had controlled Guatemala for decades. This was supported by the fact Mejia Victores was part of the same military elite resistant to change, as evidenced by his hostility towards US officials regarding human rights violations.

Nevertheless, Mejia Victores kept his promises and lifted the state of alarm, abolished the Courts of Special Jurisdiction, dissolved the Council of State, and ensured due process and judicial integrity by broadening individual guarantees. He also promulgated a new amnesty law for political crimes. However, the brutal tactics that characterized the previous regime persisted under his reign, with a reported 90-100 political killings per month in 1984.

Eventually, the government made democratic reforms to attract foreign aid, leading to elections being held in 1984 for the Constitutional Assembly, which was tasked with drafting a new constitution. The new drafted constitution was adopted the following year on May 31, 1985. General elections were held on November 3 which resulted in Vinicio Cerezo being victorious. On January 14, 1986, Cerezo was inaugurated as president.